Emergency Treatment in Pediatric: 2015

Abdominal Pain in Pediatric Emergency

Causes of abdominal pain in childhood Abdominal pain is one of the more common reasons for parents to bring their child to the Emergency Department. While many diagnoses traverse all age groups, some are more age specific (Table 1). Assessment of abdominal pain The...

The presentation of a child with meningitis varies with age. Infants with meningitis frequently present with non-specific signs and symptoms such as fever, irritability, lethargy, poor feeding and vomiting. The fontanelle may or may not be full. Older children may complain...

Headache is a common symptom in children, affecting 80–90% by the age of 15. The common causes are systemic illness with fever, local ENT problems, migraine and tension headache. Meningitis, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), e.g. from tumors, and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)...

A simple febrile convulsion is a brief (<15 min) generalized convulsion in a febrile (>38°C) child aged between 6 months and 6 years, with no previous afebrile seizures, no progressive neurological condition and no central nervous system infection. Febrile convulsions...

Afebrile convulsions and status epilepticus Most convulsions are brief and do not require any specific treatment Convulsions may be generalized and tonic-clonic in nature but can also be focal. Generalized convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) is currently defined as a convulsion...

Coma is a symptom, not a diagnosis. The aim of management is to minimise any ongoing neurological damage. History, examination, investigation and treatment will be simultaneous. Immediate resuscitation and management The primary assessment should be as for any seriously...

Pneumothorax in Pediatric Emergency

Definition A pneumothorax is defined as the presence of air in the intrapleural space. Spontaneous pneumothorax is unusual. It is often associated with trauma but can be spontaneous, particularly if a person has a marfanoid habitus. It can occur secondary to a bullous or a cyst. Children with cystic...

Pneaumonia in Pediatric Emergency Thorax Xray Pneumonia is common, but the cause may vary with age. The commonest bacterial causes are: • Staphylococcus aureus in children <1 year • Streptococcus pneumoniae in children <4 years • Hemophilus influenzae in children...

This tends to occur in a previously well child aged 3 months to 6 years but can occur in older children. The term croup refers to a clinical syndrome characterised by barking cough, inspiratory stridor and hoarseness of voice. It results from viral infection, most often with...

Acute Upper Airways Obstruction

Examination and assessment A harsh barking cough with stridor in a child with minimally raised temperature suggests croup (see below). Cough with low pitched expiratory stridor and drooling suggests epiglottitis. Sudden onset of coughing, choking, drooling and aphonia suggests a laryngeal foreign...

This is an acute viral lower respiratory infection. Varying definitions throughout the world cause confusion when doctors are assessing useful treatments. The etiological agent is usually respiratory syncytial virus but can also be adenovirus or parainfluenza 3. The infection...

Acute asthma is one of the commonest reasons for presentation to an emergency department and admission to a hospital. Consider acute asthma when a child presents with signs of increased work of breathing, widespread wheezing and shortness of breath. There are other causes to...

Congenital heart disease may present as heart failure with or without shock or cyanosis. However, there are many causes of cardiac failure, including non-congenital reasons such as myocarditis. These may present with signs of heart failure, such as breathlessness, hepatomegaly,...

Cyanotic Episodes in Pediatric

Cyanotic episodes occur in children with cyanotic congenital heart disease, in particular tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia. There may be a previous history of squatting. The episodes usually occur early in the morning, or in the context of stress or dehydration with periods of increased oxygen...

Kawasaki disease is a systemic vasculitis that predominantly affects children under 5 years old. Although the specific etiological agent remains unknown, it is believed that Kawasaki disease is a response to some form of infection (although it is not transmitted from person...

Emergency Treatment in Pediatric

Abdominal Pain in Pediatric Emergency

Meningitis in Pediatric Emergency

Headaches in Pediatric emergency

Febrile Convulsions

Convulsions in Pediatric Emergency

Coma in Pediatric Emergency

Pneumothorax in Pediatric Emergency

Pneaumonia in Pediatric Emergency

Croup or Barky Cough (Laryngotracheobronchitis)

Acute Upper Airways Obstruction

Bronchiolitis in Pediatric Emergency

Asthma in Pediatric Emergency

Cardiac Failure and Congenital Heart Disease in Pediatric

Cyanotic Episodes in Pediatric

Kawasaki Disease in Pediatric